“Mythology is not a lie; mythology is poetry, it is metaphorical. It has been well said that mythology is the penultimate truth — penultimate because the ultimate cannot be put into words.”— Joseph Campbell
Campbell famously insisted that myth is not falsehood, but metaphor — a way of gesturing toward truths too deep for discursive reason. In this, he elevates myth above literalism and grants it symbolic power. Yet in casting myth as “penultimate truth,” he positions it as a bridge between the known and the unknowable, the concrete and the transcendent. Myth, for Campbell, is a symbolic vehicle for delivering meaning from a realm beyond language.
But if we take relational ontology seriously, this formulation cannot stand.
There is no realm beyond construal. There is no unspoken truth prior to symbolisation. Meaning does not await discovery; it emerges through the very act of rendering — the cut that phases possibility into alignment. From this view, myth is not a metaphor for the transcendent. It is a material infrastructure for construal: a way of shaping the symbolic field such that certain realities can appear.
To put it plainly: myth does not point to the real — it phases it.
Construal as Ontological Action
In relational ontology, all reality is construed. There is no raw substrate, no thing-in-itself lying behind experience. What appears as real is the outcome of a perspectival cut — an alignment of systems that enacts a distinction within the field of potential. This means that construal is not merely interpretive; it is constitutive. It does not happen after reality; it brings reality into being.
Myth, then, is not secondary to ontology. It is one of its key mechanisms. A myth is a repeatable, shareable construal — one that can align across generations and institutions, giving shape to a shared symbolic architecture. In this light, myth is neither “primitive science” nor “eternal wisdom.” It is a collective technology of construal: a way of patterning perception, identity, and possibility at scale.
This is not a symbolic reading of myth. It is a symbolic ontology.
The Work Myth Performs
Myth performs multiple ontological functions:
It phases a cosmos. Every myth constitutes a cut in the real: separating divine from mundane, self from other, sacred from profane.
It aligns a collective. Myth is not private belief. It is a shared infrastructure through which a community construes itself and its world.
It modulates time. Myth places the present within a broader temporal arc: cyclical, linear, ancestral, eschatological — aligning human life with cosmic rhythms.
It scales construal. Through repetition and ritual, myth allows individual construals to align across a population, giving rise to stable symbolic systems.
It infrastructures reflexivity. Myths don’t just tell us what is. They shape what it means to know, to act, to belong, to be real.
Importantly, none of these are “functions” in the biological or utilitarian sense. They are reflexive performances of reality — ways of maintaining alignment across a symbolic field.
Why Construal Matters More than Content
One of the most common misreadings of myth is to fixate on its content: gods, heroes, animals, monsters. Campbell himself was often guilty of this, reducing diverse symbolic systems to shared archetypes and motifs. But this comparative approach treats myth as a container for universal meanings, rather than a situated construal of local possibility.
In a relational ontology, what matters is not what the myth says, but how it phases reality:
What distinctions does it enact?
What alignments does it generate?
What reflexive loops does it sustain?
What worlds does it allow to appear?
A dragon, an underworld, a sacred tree — these are not symbols of some fixed unconscious. They are infrastructures of alignment, enabling a collective to orient itself within a particular phase of the real.
In this sense, myth is always historical, situated, contingent — and yet, because it works at the level of symbolic architecture, it exerts real causal power.
The Stakes of Misunderstanding Myth
When we misunderstand myth as mere metaphor, or as reflection of inner archetypes, we obscure its ontological force. We treat myth as quaint or decorative, rather than as a primary mechanism by which reality is phased. This makes us blind to the myths we continue to live by — myths of the market, the nation, the individual, the algorithm.
These are not secular stories. They are symbolic construals, no less mythic for being unacknowledged. And because they are not recognised as myth, they are not subjected to reflexive scrutiny. They shape our realities invisibly, structuring what is possible, desirable, and sayable — all while masquerading as fact.
To re-read myth through the lens of construal is not only a theoretical move. It is a political and ontological act. It is a way of making visible the symbolic architectures that align our worlds — and of opening space for other alignments, other realities, other myths.